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Source: NATO
1967: De Gaulle pulls France out of NATO's integrated military structure
Video lecture by Dr. Jamie Shea, Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Emerging Security Challenges
December 12, 2016
Well, ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon. Welcome back. This is lecture number three in this series on the turning points in the history of NATO. And today we get to the 60s.
Source: NATO
1967: De Gaulle pulls France out of NATO's integrated military structure
Video lecture by Dr. Jamie Shea, Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Emerging Security Challenges
December 12, 2016
Well, ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon. Welcome back. This is lecture number three in this series on the turning points in the history of NATO. And today we get to the 60s.
This is for me a pleasurable moment, at least in terms of going through NATO's history, because this marks the turning point from talking about things that I was too young to have lived through and, therefore, I have had to discover them through research to a point, the 60s, which basically corresponds to my generation – let's use that phrase from The Who – a period when of course I was young enough but also mature enough to know what was going on, or more or less what was going on. And it's therefore for me a great pleasure to recall today the 1960s.
For those of us who lived through the 60s, and I probably see a couple of people here, this was a golden talismanic age. It was a time when the drabness and the austerity of the 1950s gave way to a period of prosperity and endless human freedom. The dominant image is Easy Rider on his Harley Davidson riding off into the sunset. Or, to recall a slogan that I saw painted on the walls of the Sorbonne in Paris in May 1968: "L'imagination au pouvoir"; everything seemed possible.
Indeed, sometimes looking back on the 60s, I am reminded of what the British poet and English poet William Wordsworth said of the French Revolution "Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive / But to be young was very heaven." It seemed therefore a time when social relations were being changed and equality, particularly vis-à-vis repressive authority, would be henceforth the name of the game. As one very famous slogan at the time put it "If it is wrong for me to hit the policeman, then it must also be wrong for the policeman to hit me."
Now, Wordsworth quickly soured on the French Revolution once it turned into the guillotine and the terror. And no doubt my quick evocation of the 60s is also based largely on the distortions of nostalgia, because it is true that if one goes beyond hippies at Haight-Ashbury in San Francisco and Woodstock rock festivals and flower power, and looks at the NATO scene and East-West relations, we were still very much in the Cold War in the 1960s. Indeed, in the early 60s on two occasions we came closer to the Third World War and an East-West nuclear exchange at any time since 1945 and at any time since.
The first was in October 1961 at Checkpoint Charlie looking over the Berlin Wall which had gone up on the 13th August 1961, the Anti-Fascist Protection Wall as East Germany used to refer to that wall in a very Orwellian 1984-ish evocation of the distortion of language. The United States diplomats were refused permission to go into East Berlin unless they showed their identity cards. The US considered that this was a breach of the Four Power Agreement of Potsdam on the status of Berlin. And at the time, Khrushchev and Walter Ulbricht the East German leader, were actively talking about the Soviets signing a separate peace treaty with the GDR whereby the Soviets would have handed over their control of access roads into Berlin and Berlin itself to the East Germans. The Americans immediately feared that if this happened, it could lead to the end of West Berlin as a Western capitalist enclave. It would demoralise the Germans and so they decided to resist with tanks. The Soviet Army then brought up 40 tanks on its side and the standoff went on for several days. Although the East Germans believed that what they were doing in putting up the Berlin Wall, was preventing the hemorrhage of their population. About one-fifth to one-sixth of the entire East German population left East Germany through West Berlin in the late 1950s. That's the reason why the Wall went up and that they, therefore, couldn't afford to give in either.
The second time was pretty much a year later, when the United States discovered through its U-2 overflights over Cuba that the Soviet Union was installing intermediate-range nuclear weapons in Cuba, aimed directly at the United States. This became the celebrated Cuban Missile Crisis when the American Secretary of State Dean Rusk famously said, "We went eyeball to eyeball and they blinked first." Eventually, in exchange for lifting the American blockade against Cuba, Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the Soviet nuclear weapons, although something that wasn't advertised very much at the time was that Kennedy was also a person perfectly willing to make concessions, because in a secret deal he agreed to withdraw Thor and Jupiter missiles stationed in Turkey as a quid pro quo.
But on two occasions therefore, the world came close to doomsday Armageddon, but even looking beyond these two particular crises, the 60s was a testing time. Superpower relations seemed to be breaking down across the board. Khrushchev banged his shoe on the table at the United Nations. The Soviets shot down an American U-2 aircraft with Gary Powers in it, flying over the Soviet Union. The first Khrushchev-Kennedy summit of Vienna in 1961 ended in acrimony. And as the decade went on, the situation didn't seem to get much better either. The Americans, rediscovering containment in March 1965, introduced ground troops into South Vietnam. By 1968 the Americans had 550,000 – over half a million – ground troops fighting in South Vietnam, and they believed that they were not simply fighting against the North Vietnamese liberation movement, but like in Korea a decade earlier, they were taking on directly the communist forces, particularly as the Soviets and the Chinese were supplying the North Vietnamese.
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Here is another globalist criminal syndicate that needs to be kicked out and defunded. Is the United Nations the Aga Khan's cartel?
Here is another globalist criminal syndicate that needs to be kicked out and defunded. Is the United Nations the Aga Khan's cartel?
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